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Parts per million

Four numbers in parts per million

By Dwight Davis, Founder

On this page11
0.05, 0.09, 0.11, 0.13. Not in the order a reader expects.

There are four limits and each one names a product class

Hardwood plywood made with a veneer core or a composite core, 0.05 parts per million. Particleboard, 0.09. Medium-density fiberboard, 0.11. Thin medium-density fiberboard, 0.13.

The strictest is the one with the least glue in it

A plywood panel is veneers bonded at a few glue lines. A fiberboard panel is fiber held together by resin throughout. So the ordering of the first three follows how much resin the construction requires.

And then the fourth breaks the pattern

Thin medium-density fiberboard is allowed 0.13 against 0.11 for ordinary MDF. The thinner panel, made of the same material, gets the larger number.

The reason is geometric and it is worth spelling out

A thin panel presents more surface area for a given volume and carries more resin for a given mass. The same material in a thinner sheet releases more into the same test chamber, so a single figure would be stricter for thin panels in effect while reading as equal.

So the rule moves the limit instead of pretending the geometry away

Which is a choice, and this library has now seen four different answers to the same underlying problem of reducing a geometry-dependent thing to one number.

One averages the figure over an area

The federal definition of lead free for plumbing fittings is a weighted average over the wetted surfaces, so geometry enters the calculation rather than the limit.

One measures the part as a fraction of the whole

The textile trimmings rule exempts decorative trim below 15 percent of the surface area of the article, so the question becomes how much of the article the part occupies.

One tests the worst part and reports that

The flammability standard for clothing textiles cuts its specimens from the fastest burning direction and the most flammable area, and takes the worse of before and after washing.

And this one moves the limit per class

Four figures for four constructions, so each class is measured against a number chosen for it. Same problem, four answers, and all four are defensible for the thing they are about.

The test method is named and incorporated by reference

The standards are based on ASTM E1333-14. A limit in parts per million is meaningless without the chamber conditions that produce the reading, and the rule attaches them by reference rather than restating them.

References

40 CFR 770.10. Paragraph (a): "Except as otherwise provided in this part, the emission standards in this section apply to composite wood products sold, supplied, offered for sale, or manufactured (including imported) on or after June 1, 2018 in the United States. These emission standards apply regardless of whether the composite wood product is in the form of a panel, a component part, or incorporated into a finished good." Paragraph (b), based on test method ASTM E1333-14: "(1) For hardwood plywood made with a veneer core or a composite core, 0.05 parts per million (ppm) of formaldehyde. (2) For medium-density fiberboard, 0.11 ppm of formaldehyde. (3) For thin medium-density fiberboard, 0.13 ppm of formaldehyde. (4) For particleboard, 0.09 ppm of formaldehyde." law.cornell.edu
Written from 40 CFR part 770 and from the catalog as it stood on 19 October 2026. Part 770 sets formaldehyde emission standards for composite wood products under TSCA Title VI; it does not govern cam locks, glides, hinges, hangers or shelf pins, and nothing here says it does. No container on this shelf is described as low emitting or certified under anything. Prices are a snapshot of one day, and a closure counted as matching a container shares its nominal neck finish in the catalog, which is a record and not a test. This shelf is shared identically by nine groups and the sewing notions property enumerates the inventory.