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Three classes

A class that half the subject cannot reach

By Dwight Davis, Founder

On this page10
A three class scheme with two classes. For anything with a plain surface.

The standard has three classes and they are not symmetrical

Class 1 is normal flammability and acceptable for clothing. Class 2 is intermediate flammability and may be used for clothing. Class 3 is rapid and intense burning and shall not be used for clothing.

And then one sentence removes the middle for most fabric

Plain surface textile fabric. Class 2 is not applicable to plain surface textile fabrics. The paragraph is written out in full in the rule, as its own numbered subparagraph, rather than left implicit.

So a plain fabric has a binary outcome

Acceptable, or dangerously flammable. There is no graded middle result available to it at all, and the boundary between the two is the three and a half second figure.

Class 2 exists because a raised surface can fail in a second way

A pile or a nap can carry a flame across the surface without the base fabric igniting. That is a distinct behavior and it needs a distinct result, which a plain fabric cannot produce.

The criterion for it has two limbs and both must hold

A burn time from 4.0 through 7.0 seconds, both inclusive, and the base fabric starts burning at places other than the point of impingement as a result of the surface flash.

Both inclusive is doing the same job as the parenthesis elsewhere

It settles two boundaries in one phrase. Four seconds is in the class and seven seconds is in the class, which a reader could otherwise argue about in both directions.

That second limb has a test result code of its own

SFBB, surface flash base burn. The standard assigns a code to the observation rather than describing it afresh each time, which is how it keeps the class definitions short.

And the same code decides Class 3 for a raised surface

Class 3 applies to a raised surface fabric when the time of flame spread is less than 4.0 seconds and the base fabric starts burning away from the point of impingement as a result of the surface flash.

So the raised surface boundary is four seconds and the plain one is three and a half

Half a second apart, measuring different physical events, and neither figure is usable in place of the other. The classes are not a single scale with two entrances.

References

16 CFR 1610.4. Class 1, Normal Flammability, for a plain surface textile fabric, applies "when the burn time is 3.5 seconds or more", and Table 1 to 1610.4 records it as "Burn time is 3.5 seconds or more. ACCEPTABLE (3.5 seconds is a pass)". For a raised surface fabric Class 1 applies "when the burn time is more than 7.0 seconds, or when they burn with a rapid surface flash (0.0 to 7.0 seconds), provided the intensity of the flame is so low as not to ignite or fuse the base fabric". Paragraph (b)(1) reads in full: "Plain surface textile fabric. Class 2 is not applicable to plain surface textile fabrics." Class 3, Rapid and Intense Burning, applies to a plain surface fabric "when the time of flame spread is less than 3.5 seconds", and such textiles "are dangerously flammable and shall not be used for clothing". law.cornell.edu
Written from 16 CFR part 1610 and from the catalog as it stood on 19 October 2026. Part 1610 is the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles and it classifies fabric by how fast a flame spreads across a test specimen; it does not govern clips, pins, blades or templates, and nothing here says it does. No container on this shelf is described as fire resistant, flame retardant or rated for anything, and no liner is described by what it will achieve in any particular use. This shelf is a subset of the store-small-dry shelf and the sewing notions property enumerates that shelf in full.