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All Containers›Shop by use case›Quilting›The worst case›The surface decides, and six rules decide the surfaceShop all quilting →
The worst case

The surface decides, and six rules decide the surface

By Dwight Davis, Founder

On this page11
Not the fiber and not the weight. Whether the surface is plain or raised.

Everything in this part follows from one classification

Plain surface or raised surface. That choice sets the pass mark, decides whether Class 2 is available, and determines the test sequence.

So the rule devotes a paragraph to deciding it

Guidelines are given for fabrics that require extra attention when preparing test specimens because of their particular construction characteristics, with the note that the information is not intended to be all-inclusive.

Flocking is split by coverage

Fabrics that are flocked overall are treated as raised surface fabrics. Flock printed fabrics, usually in a pattern and not covering the entire surface, shall be treated as plain surface fabrics.

Which makes the test a question of extent rather than of technique

The same flock applied the same way falls on either side depending on how much of the fabric it covers. A pattern leaves plain fabric between the figures and that plain fabric is what burns.

Cut velvet is raised when it is patterned

Cut velvet fabrics with a patterned construction shall be considered a raised surface textile fabric, which is the opposite direction from the flock printing rule and for a physical reason.

Metallic thread is plain, with a condition

Metallic thread fabrics shall be considered plain surface fabrics provided the base fabric is smooth. The thread does not make the surface raised; a textured base would.

And a burn-out pattern is plain

Flat woven constructions with burn-out patterns shall be considered plain surface fabrics. A pattern produced by removing fiber leaves a flat surface behind it.

Five named constructions and an open list

Which is the honest way to write a classification that depends on physical construction. New constructions arrive and a closed list would silently misclassify them.

The pattern across all five is the same question

Is there a surface a flame can run across independently of the base. Every one of the five cases is answered by looking at that and not at the material or the method.

Which is why the containers section measures a liner

The liner is the one surface inside a closure that the user never looks at and that decides what the closure does. A rule that turns on an unseen surface and a shelf whose closures do the same make a reasonable pair.

References

16 CFR 1610.6(a)(1), which gives guidelines for fabrics that "require extra attention when preparing test specimens because of their particular construction characteristics", noting that the list "is not intended to be all-inclusive". Fabrics flocked overall "are treated as raised surface textile fabrics"; flock printed fabrics "shall be treated as plain surface textile fabrics"; cut velvet with a patterned construction "shall be considered a raised surface textile fabric"; metallic thread fabrics "shall be considered plain surface textile fabrics provided the base fabric is smooth", with specimens cut so that "the test flame impinges on a metallic thread"; and flat woven constructions with burn-out patterns "shall be considered plain surface textile fabrics". Paragraph (a)(1)(vi): "Narrow fabrics and loose fibrous materials manufactured less than 50 mm (2 in) in width in either direction shall not be tested. If a 50 mm by 150 mm (2 in by 6 in) specimen cannot be cut due to the nature of the item, i.e. hula skirts, leis, fringe, loose feathers, wigs, hairpieces, etc., do not conduct a test." law.cornell.edu
16 CFR 1610.4. Class 1, Normal Flammability, for a plain surface textile fabric, applies "when the burn time is 3.5 seconds or more", and Table 1 to 1610.4 records it as "Burn time is 3.5 seconds or more. ACCEPTABLE (3.5 seconds is a pass)". For a raised surface fabric Class 1 applies "when the burn time is more than 7.0 seconds, or when they burn with a rapid surface flash (0.0 to 7.0 seconds), provided the intensity of the flame is so low as not to ignite or fuse the base fabric". Paragraph (b)(1) reads in full: "Plain surface textile fabric. Class 2 is not applicable to plain surface textile fabrics." Class 3, Rapid and Intense Burning, applies to a plain surface fabric "when the time of flame spread is less than 3.5 seconds", and such textiles "are dangerously flammable and shall not be used for clothing". law.cornell.edu
Written from 16 CFR part 1610 and from the catalog as it stood on 19 October 2026. Part 1610 is the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles and it classifies fabric by how fast a flame spreads across a test specimen; it does not govern clips, pins, blades or templates, and nothing here says it does. No container on this shelf is described as fire resistant, flame retardant or rated for anything, and no liner is described by what it will achieve in any particular use. This shelf is a subset of the store-small-dry shelf and the sewing notions property enumerates that shelf in full.